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Emergence of the knowledge of science is a convincing reality that man achieved in the course of unfolding nature’s virtue while interacting with it.
Emergence of the knowledge of science is a convincing reality that man achieved in the course of unfolding nature’s hidden virtue while interacting with it. As we have already discussed, I would just reiterate here the splendid occasions as to how man discovered fire & electricity, acquired skill  to traverse from hunting to agriculture, from the stage of migration to the stage of permanent settlement,  how man invented steam engine which laid multi-various contributions to the society and  the streams of inventions like this. All the discoveries and inventions out of the hidden treasures of nature  have gone and are going a long way in enriching the status of the social fabrics which mostly have undergone modification to suit further advancement in the direction the society is aiming at. The changes have not only laid the foundation of newer achievements, but also have imprinted newer talents and potentials in the character of the working class, both manually and intellectually,  to keep them adjustable to the on going developments in whichever degree it tries to assume.

 In doing so men have succeeded to develop their standard of living, improve the quality of consumption, improve the sharpness of their skill, enrich their mechanical devices, add fineness to the dresses, nutrition to food,  and acquire improved learning habits. The techniques of better  housing were achieved. From observation of changes in society and also in the nature as a whole, people could gather experiences every now and then. Some of these changes were like the tasting of fruits as bitter or sweet, the condition of fruits being raw or ripe, the changes of seasons, when to rain or not, how water dries up, the strength of storms or hails, illness of someone, the senses of comfort or discomfort  and the knowledge of these sorts. The experiences  gathered through all these activities are stored  by men which we term as science. It is not static , but ever growing, obeying the principle of quantitative and  qualitative categories of changes.   

    If we carefully observe what is going on in nature, we experience that the growth of knowledge is not always gradual, sometimes it leaps up. In Upanishad philosophy we have discussed how direct causes generated the idea of particular deities, the god of rains, god of storms, the god for creation, the god for destruction, etc. Assumption of god behind each category of  particular phenomena, created gods one after another, which  ultimately culminated to form one God. It is a leap in  the  notion of thoughts. So also it occurs in the case of developments in scientific discoveries. The discovery of one thing, whatsoever, lays effect on other things within its periphery. Discovery of fire facilitated cooking, extraction of metals  and  preparation of metallic tools. The knowledge of expansion by the application of heat was used in the manufacturing skill  of thermometer. The skill of swimming is the result of contact of man with water. This in its turn evolved to acquire the knowledge in buoyancy. Knowledge of  buoyancy of water was applied in the construction of a ship. Enormous examples can be cited like this where man’s knowledge primarily grows from contact of man with different parts of nature that comes in the way of or confronts with his activities The experience in one stage pushes on to move from known to unknown and leads to the discovery in the stage forward. Invention of steam engine explored multi-facet developments in providing mechanical advantages.   Series of developments took place since then in manifesting man’s welfare. This way our experience asserts that the discoveries of fire, electricity,  buoyancy,  steam engine, etc, happen to be the leaps in the race of knowledge in science. Again after a leap in the discovery of buoyancy, the sailing on water by boats, sailing by ships, and the services of buoyancy in the welfare of mankind  continued to saturate the applications of knowledge in buoyancy for years onward. In the continuity of these practices evolved a leap to the discovery of aeroplanes as an elongation  of buoyancy as well as an upliftment of fight against gravitation.   This is quantitative changes. Likewise the  fight against gravitation  caused evolution of reptiles to birds , four footed ape to two-legged man , to acquire technique to fly in the sky and reaching up to the discovery of rockets   to go beyond the periphery of earth’s gravitational ambit. Sputnik-flying has now become the most sensational adventure of the scientists which has drawn men towards the top of curiosity and enthusiasm. So the rocket flying is a great leap in the scientific achievements, so far as the researches beyond the horizon are concerned. We may hope  still a greater enthusiasm when rocket-flying would  turn to be ordinary as radio appears to day in comparison to TV. This is all about the fight against gravitation up till to-day.

 Now let us discuss the space in the universe, the characteristics of the sky , the heavenly bodies and their inter relations. To speak about sky, we do not have any specific structure except boundless space. Their are enumerable suns, solar systems involving each sun, planets and moons about the planets , all these being countless in numbers. So far  knowledge goes , as many as 4000 crores of heavenly bodies have come to the notice of the  scientists up till now. To examine  the  courses of developments  in the study of space  education,  we see that in ancient days the sun, the star, the moon, the planets etc, moved people’s mind and signs are there in the Vedas. The wonders about the sun, the moon, the sky, the clouds, and stars have cast impression in the thinking minds of people though without much  of specific  knowledge of each entity. In many countries the idealism sensed gods  behind the particular extra-ordinary bodies like the sun, the moon, the clouds, water, wind, storms, etc. As a result, the deities were established  around the impact of each of entities. As these entities, i.e. the sun, the moon, the stars, the rains. water, air, the sky, were present all over the world, their impact on the human mind laid similar reflections in each country. This genuine truth resulted in the emergence of similar deities every where. Let me cite some examples. 

In Greek :  The god of the sky is Jeus, the god of the oceans is Hadis, Hera is the guaranty for marriage, the god of war is Eris, Appolo is the god for music, etc.

In China : Chung is the god for moon, The god for justice and security is Ching Huang, Chihni is the god for rain, Chu-Jung is the god for fire, Feng popo is the god for wind and storm, the god for wealth  is Hou chi, Fuan yin is the god for creation, etc.

In India :  Brahma is the god for creation, the god for safety is Bishnu, Shiva  is the god for destruction, Ganesh is the god for art and commerce, Indra is the god for heaven’s administration and war, rain and thunder, Durga is the goddess for strength, Jagannath is the god for kindness, Barun is the god for rain, Agni is the god for both welfare and destruction, Laxmi is the goddess for wealth etc. From the analogy of the gods and their portfolios among the three gods as above, it can be asserted that the appearance of is the result of the contradiction of man and nature. The same type of contradiction has yielded same type of god across the glove.

                    The changes in the matter or in the idea get to make onward advances with diversification. The study of the heavenly bodies has resulted in the creation of the subject astronomy and it registers the name of the prime scientist Keplar. But the idea of gravitation is instrumental to it and is formulated by Isaac Newton. It has yielded all upcoming scientific knowledge connected with gravitation. This knowledge of gravitation facilitated the invention of aeroplane, space journey, space expedition by Yuri Gagarin of Soviet Russia. When we can practice the play of buoyancy in shipping abroad or enjoying flight in the sky, we must not forget the name of the initiator, the great scientist Archimedes . We are now convinced of the fact that knowledge about a new idea, whether in science or idealism or philosophy, proceed to breed in a continued stream of discoveries ,yielding newer items with  gradually higher forms of approaches.  This is the experience in other fields of thoughts. The idea of atoms was first revealed by Demetrius, some advancement having been tried by the Indian sage Kanad, and finally the full pledged picture having been displayed by the British scientist John Dalton and enlarged by Rutherford. The changes are thus getting multiplied with advancement of new ideas and discoveries.   T is quite in conformity with the theory of Marxism, not in consideration of whether the issue is entangled in idealism, or realism or in science. The key instrument in the whole gamut of developments is the human brain, the role of which has been making all of the splendid discoveries and inventions possible. It is needless to elaborate that all these  ideas of man are generated from the action of the brain , a product of matter, in a situation of fertility in relation to environmental congeniality.  Similarly,the newer offspring, whatsoever,  being the result of contradiction between man and nature, the brain is the core stone of the operation, which impacts the ingredients of nature. The senses of gravitation, motion, force, distance, size, weight, god or goddess are all the facts and ideas to have generated in the brain as a result of its interaction with the material world. So the existence of matter, with energy embedded in it, is at the centre of all developments  No ego in an attempt of denial of this fact can be accepted.   

The major break through in the  ancient idea about stars and planets to have been earth-centric was made by the radical pronouncement by Nicolaus  Copernicus of Poland. He  was the first to  speak out that the idea of the sun moving round the earth was wrong. The truth was that the earth was moving round the sun. Previously it was the accepted idea that the universe was earth-centric and that everything moved round the earth. Copernicus first broke this idea and, in place, he asserted that the universe was heliocentric with the sun at the centre. Though the universe was not heliocentric, but the assertion of the earth moving round  the  sun was an event of  renaissance  at that point of time. His discovery was advanced by the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno. According to Bruno,  the sun was at the centre of the solar world around the respective sun . There was enumerable suns in the cosmological space. Each sun had its solar world . His assertion  came to the orthodox circle as the unbearable attack on their long existing ideas. It was apprehended that  the religious beliefs carried forward so long would be under attack.. So Bruno was inhumanly burnt by the mobs of the ruler. Bruno was the victim in the ideological war next to Socrates as narrated elsewhere. Copernicus was threatened , Bruno was killed. But the truth  succeeded in the long run, When Galileo proved hand in hand by the telescope made by himself that the moons of the Jupiter were moving round it , he could not be denied of his discovery. This vehement discovery was a thunder strike to the long-believed superstition or antediluvian beliefs.  All these works moved in a particular direction which culminated  in the historical contributions of Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest of all scientists,  till date.  His laws of motion, law of gravitation, foundation of calculus, as one of the most effective form of  Mathematics, revolutionized the thinking status of mankind.  Thomas Saver, Einstein, Robert hook, Charles Darwin, Peter Higgs, A. Oparin and JBS Hldane, are all stalwart scientists, who gradually pushed scientific thoughts to a great height with the German scientists-cum- philosophers  from Immanuel Kant to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,  providing theory to stand before all complexities.      

      Here also I see that the dialectical method of  growth held  good , taking care of quantitative and qualitative changes in all the fields covering idealism and realism. The discoveries made by Sir Isaac Newton was not any sort of sudden or accidental out come. It was the leaps in the chain of  changes in the study of planets and stars, particularly valuable contributions of scientists like Galileo,  Johannes Keplar,etc. So the  space education, movement of planets, etc, followed Marxist principles, though Marx  happened to appear much later than Copernicus, Galileo, etc . The Marxist philosophy is a science and it lies embedded in nature and gets  attached to and operative in every course of nature.