It is agreed to by historians that humans invented agriculture in the world during Neolithic era, or the Stone age, which appeared around 9000 years BCE, most probably between 7000 and 10,000 years back. This is an established fact that the earth and all other planets in our solar system have been traversing through series of changes with conversion from the stage of boiling gaseous stage to the solid and liquid stage. Among the planets and stars, more than 4000 crores in number, the earth alone had made a progress to come to the stage to give vent to life, forging the creation of plants and animals unlike other crores of heavenly bodies. The formation of life is a unique feature of matter the earth alone has evolved so far, as known uptil now.
The Earth is known to have traversed through four main eons, namely , Hadean, Archean, Poterizoic, Phanerozoic. The periods existed like this: Hadea : 4540- 4000 mya(million years ago), Archean : 4000-2500 mya, Proterozoic : 2500-541 mya and Phanerozoic : 541- present time. The stages demarcate the extent of cooling of the earth and proceeding to the period congenial to creation and periodical development of the earth. From the study of the development of the situation towards normalization, we have come to know that the first form of life was evolved at the beginning of the eon Archean. The life had first emerged , the global researches have so far given the information, in the submerged rocks in Greenland. The life after formation did not stop static. It was continually in the state of change and development since its creation by way of material process. The courses of nature are such that the development do not run in a straight line. That means, the phenomenon of evolution of life in Greenland does not signify that the further stages of growth will unilaterally will occur in that area first. As the earth is moving amidst the courses of movements of all the heavenly bodies, the segments of the continents and sub-continents with their periodical physical conditions and inter relations yield resultant outcome to evoke growth possibilities. The changes in the gradual formation of landmasses gave rise to the creation of continents and sub-continents broadly in the manner shown below :

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Here we can observe how the land blocks changed their position in adjustment with the rotation of the earth and movement of the blocks before coming to some sort of static shape. India having been a sub-continent located south west of Africa marched towards land mass of Asia and ultimately joined it. The change of location definitely made effect on the properties of its soil, water, atmosphere and correlation among continents.
I made the reference to enable one to realize how each of the continents and sub continents qualified itself in terms of ingredients each one contained and also in terms of the atmosphere it could develop in the situation prevailing that time. The plants having been evolved much before the animals , the plants grew as per fertility of that particular landmass. Where humans evolved 2 million years ago, agriculture came into existence around 23000 years BC, as per the latest results of researches became public. The area where agriculture was first domesticated was somewhere in the Levant (land around Mediterranean sea). The emergence of civilization and its growth are primarily governed by the emergence of agriculture and its growth. This emergence took place independently in different parts of the the globe at different parts , at least at eleven separate regions of the Old and the New world having eleven centres of region. The migratory life of humans during hunter-gather style of livelihood hot a radical shift towards a stage of settlement in the event of shifting of livelihood from hunting of animals to rearing them which drove men to the invention of agriculture. The history of agriculture is to suppose to have begun in the Fertile Crescent , which is accepted to be the area of western region of Mesopotamia and the Levant confined by the Syrian desert to the south and the Antolian Plateau to the north. The great archaeologist James Henry Breasted coined the area with the term ‘ Fertile Crescent`. During the period from twenty thousand rears back upto several thousand years afterwords , the agriculture passed through a period of trial on the wild grains to be sorted out as eatable substance. Wild grains began to be collected and eaten since a point of time to have been 20000 years BC. Actually the domesticated agriculture started from the period of about 8500 years BC in the Neolithic period.
Agriculture is associated with the skill of ploughing land for production of crops, the skill as to how to adopt the method of domestication of animals, development and dissemination of techniques for raising productivity, etc. Agriculture had a long tour from Mediterranean region to India through Mesopotamia and other parts of Asia in between. Wild grains were used to be collected and eaten from at least 20,000 years BC. It is the accepted idea that around 9500 BC, eight Neolithic crops came under domestic agriculture as founder crops. These crops were named emmer crops, einkorn, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax, which first began to be cultivated in the Levant. It is interesting to note that crops of different types happened to grow in different regions of the world, depending on the nature of the crop, ingredients of the soil, atmosphere of the respective regions and presence of rivers , seas and lakes and location of the place on the body of the Earth. Pigs is known to have flourished around 1100 BC in Mesopotamia, followed by sheep between 11000 BC and 9000 BC. Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 yrs BC, followed by mung, soy, and azuki beans. Potato was domesticated in the Andes of South Africa between 8000 BC and 5000 BC.

Agriculture in ancient India
As regards agriculture in ancient India, reference may be made of Neolithic period ranging from 8ooo BCE to 4000 BCE. According to Gangal et al(20014), Neolithic farming spread from the Near East to the North-west India. Mehrgarh is known to have been the independent origin of growth. This region located in between Eastern Mesopotamia on the western side and the Indus valley on the eastern side. Barley and wheat were the main items of crops along with the practice of rearing cattle, sheep and goat as domestic animals within the period 8000-6000 BCE. Jarrige concluded that Mehrgarh had an earlier background , not the ` back water’ of the Neolithic culture of the Near East. By the 5 th millennium BCE, agriculture became widespread in Kashmir. Cotton was first cultivated between 5th and 4th millennium BCE. The cotton Indus industry including spinning during this period. ( source: Wikipedia). Wild rice cultivation in India occurred in the period between 6th and 5th millennium in the Belan and Ganges valley in the north India. It became a domestic product and a good economy in Kasmir and Harappa regions during 2nd century BC. The hemp was domesticated for the use in the making of narcotics, fibre, and oil. The farmers who have flourished now-a-days in Pakistan and North Inida began to grow peas, sesame and dates in those ancient days in the Indus valley.India is now propminent in the production of sugar percolated from the cultivation of South Asia and South East Asia in the ancient days, the region being tropical in nature. So it transpires that agriculture began to shoot up in the region Kashmir and the Indus valley, and gradually moved from south west Asia towards the north India. It is discovered that THE Indus civilization evolved during 4500 BCE. This civilization , as discovered by the famous archeologist Radhanath Shikdar, rose to a great height breeding planned settlements, enjoying city life with the use of drainage and sewers, developing irrigation system, cultivating land by animal-drawn plough (2500 BC). This is historically named as the Indus Civilisation. The civilization was spread with a big area involving number of villages to produce millets and pulses.
Iron Age
In India the Iron age appeared in about 1500 BCE to 200 CE. It is assumed that rain fall was then more that required for agriculture. Over and above winter monsoon rainfall also took place. The area was abundant in rabi crops in winter. Kharif crops suffered from excessive rain. Jute was first cultivated in India in this region. The farmers developed the skill of making ropes and cordage from jute so produced. The animals like cattle which were considered as vital and inevitable for life and existence were regarded as gods and were worshiped. Cow dung was discovered as fertilizer. Trees were domesticated, besides wild growth. The trees worthy of resources for livelihood, creating defense, serving medicinal purposes, providing shades, were also regarded as gods. the plant based medical system Ayurveda originated through experience. Meteorological observations for agricultural use came into offing during Mauryan Empire( 322-185 BCE. The people adopted the techniques of categorizing soils. Construction and maintenance of dams came under the human skills.
Middle Ages(200—1200 CE), late middle ages (1200-1526 CE), and so on went the days and discoveries in agriculture progressed with knowledge of humans growing from known to unknown. The fallacy of nature’s devastations, draughts and floods, storms, land slides and other types calamities caused damages, at the same time brought forth knowledge of remedial measures as far as practicable. These efforts of mankind continually gave rise to newer forms of knowledge and evolved the growth of science as a very important component of knowledge and studies.
The agriculture in its way to up gradation of the qualities in varieties and in technologies, which are pressing man to gradually seize the control of agriculture from nature’s womb. Let us have a brief of this account.
From the foregone discussion it is established that agriculture gets improved from species to species by the application of man’s growing intellect from time onwards. In the march of the progress man could be equipped with the newer methods and techniques how to get improved qualities of food produce. In the early gays, without having any scientific knowledge man thrived to incur cross pollination between strong varieties if fruits or crops to get a possible new better varieties. By doing so, man could have a new variety seemingly stronger species exhibiting finer and better looking offspring. This tentamounted to cross-breed of the species. After the discovery of genes and the properties of genes to possess the characteristics of a variety of a fruit to crop, the scientists could come closer to detect the quality and enhance its degree of betterment technologically. Thus a new slogan appeared in mind to have high bred vegetables/ fruits/ crops with more proteinous and with higher productivity. The business class could catch hold of the ideas and indulged in carrying it forward.
This highbred variety equipped the vested group with the idea how to eliminate the breeding gene from a variety, so that the seed variety might not give production. So the cultivators will remain dependent of the producer of the seed variety bearing breeding genes. A tricky section of merchant party evolved with imperialist outlook and made other countries remain in wait for the interest of the international trade, To control he seed by removing the reproducing gene and to make the fresh supply of producible genetic seed is a nice technique of monopolizing the trade.
By applying the method of gene transfer, alluring varieties of crops including fruits and vegetables have evolved and gained priorities in the markets. The genes have entered into the classes of livestocks. The quantity of milk produced by cows of new varieties has multiplies by 8 to 10 times, the cocks have become multiply fleshy. The size of the fishes have been gigantic. Though question may arise about the food value of the new varies, tempting sizes gradually overthrow all doubts and misgivings. Thus knowingly or unknowingly we are entering into an era of technological world in respect of our livelihood also.
Here we can observe how the land blocks changed their position in adjustment with the rotation of the earth and movement of the blocks before coming to some sort of static shape. India having been a sub-continent located south west of Africa marched towards land mass of Asia and ultimately joined it. The change of location definitely made effect on the properties of its soil, water, atmosphere and correlation among continents.
I made the reference to enable one to realize how each of the continents and sub continents qualified itself in terms of ingredients each one contained and also in terms of the atmosphere it could develop in the situation prevailing that time. The plants having been evolved much before the animals , the plants grew as per fertility of that particular landmass. Where humans evolved 2 million years ago, agriculture came into existence around 23000 years BC, as per the latest results of researches became public. The area where agriculture was first domesticated was somewhere in the Levant (land around Mediterranean sea). The emergence of civilization and its growth are primarily governed by the emergence of agriculture and its growth. This emergence took place independently in different parts of the the globe at different parts , at least at eleven separate regions of the Old and the New world having eleven centres of region. The migratory life of humans during hunter-gather style of livelihood hot a radical shift towards a stage of settlement in the event of shifting of livelihood from hunting of animals to rearing them which drove men to the invention of agriculture. The history of agriculture is to suppose to have begun in the Fertile Crescent , which is accepted to be the area of western region of Mesopotamia and the Levant confined by the Syrian desert to the south and the Antolian Plateau to the north. The great archaeologist James Henry Breasted coined the area with the term ‘ Fertile Crescent`. During the period from twenty thousand rears back upto several thousand years afterwords , the agriculture passed through a period of trial on the wild grains to be sorted out as eatable substance. Wild grains began to be collected and eaten since a point of time to have been 20000 years BC. Actually the domesticated agriculture started from the period of about 8500 years BC in the Neolithic period.
Technology’s Reverse Trend
The scientists have entered into the area of minute particles of atom, atom to proton and have further been penetrating into quarks and leptons. The inward vision of man has evolved micro wave, the technic of shifting electron, cultivate immense power to generate energy, to destroy or unimaginably huge stature of growth. Along this race man has moved up to the level of making transfers of gene and art of creation at his will.It is definitely the top state of intellectual growth culminated in man’s height of genius as elevated to a maximum range, possible uptil now, in diverting the the shape of creature in forward direction. The technicality of transforming genes has alredy been resulting in the creation of newer species of plants and animals in the name of cross breed process in shifting genes of one species to another, in getting evolved to an improved category of vegetables, fruits, animals of superior qualities etc. The eye of the big business have fallen on these techniques of omproving varieties in consumable and enjoyable produces. Genes are found to intrude upon creatures to get converted from one varieties to another and to enrich qualities. So a very new subject has evolved in the name of gene technology.
What is gene technology?
Gene technology refers to set of techniques by which gene can be transferred from one type from one type of cells to another type, whereby the characteristics of DNA and hence chromosomes get changed and the shape of the cells get altered in response to the nature of change undertaken. This is a very high technology , may be the highest in Biology uptil now, in the advancement of quality of products of plants and animals and may be extended to mankind also.
By this technology the quality of fruits and vegetables may be visibly improved and their market values may be enhanced. If the protein contents / vitamins be enriched, this technology, the technology expected to benefit and promote the health and merit of a particular section of people. But if the gene technology is utilized only to give a dazzling colour and shape to a food article without adding protein substances , it will be eye-plasing, but not health-keeping. There is possibilities that the technology may get hijacked by the dishonest circles for making profits with evil designs or motives.
Possible adverse effects of Genetic Engineering ( G.E.) ;
• Genetically modified organisms (G.M.O.) , if not produced on the basis of physiological merit, it may hurt badly. The mere alteration of genes in the consumable items without the balance of biodiversity will cause harms and bring about hazards in the health system.
• The product of GMOs may induct negative impact on the usual eco system. Genetic change in one variety of food item may not adjust with anther variety. This will induce a tendency in other items to get genetically modified. By doing so, the whole system will get disturbed. Resistance to diseases will be minimized and has to be readjusted.
• If such alter of GMOs will be encouraged without judging the impact on traditional farming, it may strike at the root of establishment causing great harm to the existing economy. As gene technology is not quite enough to include all connecting sectors, it will have adverse effects.
Another category of reverse effects in the biological process may come in front as the age of reshaping and deformation like this :
• In agriculture improved qualities of crops, fruits, and vegetables have come up. These are GMO crops and products. The products may be eye-pleasing, illustrious and fascinatingly voluminous. In the markets , the customers are getting attracted.That is why, the greedy and capital making sections of people use excessive doses to swell up the sizes of the crops and to make a good profit. These products are highly injurious to the customers, if the sizes are abnormally magnified, it will be definitely corrosive. The crops are actually reshaped, sometimes deshaped.
• The unusual and arbitrary use of technology occurs in poultry industries in the animal husbandry sector, and such all other types of animals consumable by man. Man’s attention is not towards the health and beauty of the cows, but the attention is to the question of quality and quantity of milk they provide for. So technology is oriented towards that direction. Milk will grow in quantity, something artificially, but may not be in quality. Logical ground of nourishment is threatened to be lost in the face of profiteering bid.
• The vested groups may be taking the advantage of the high handed practice toharnesh selfish ends at the cost of survival aspects of human being. Excessive doses used in modifying cocks or hens genetically to get abnormally increased quantity of chicken flesh in its body will hit upon badly. This will tantamount to deformation of birds.
• Technology is going to incur the transformation of habits. People once favouring white rice now are very much fond of fried rice. Once people tried to avoid much use of spices. But their current generations do like much the spicy food. Children are found to be mad after fast food. Hand-made lemon beverage was once in much domestic use. Now the place has absolutely been occupied by the cold drinks and squashes. Life is soothing comfort, but stability of health is being diluted. In this way the technology is going to negate the existing pattern and taking in place a new variety, seemingly forward, but here negation is inflicted in stead of being caused. It does not mean to be the `leap’ to get initiated by the internal contradiction deemed imbedded in the original body.
• The use of pesticide to protect crops is causing double effect . One, it cats on the parent plant body which induces impacts on the offspring crops. It has gone to vanish in many cases the traditional fish, domestic varieties of crops and vegetables in the developing countries. Precious indigenous varieties of fishes have wholesale withered. Of G.M. fishes, having shown appearance. There are some to shoot up changes in our metabolic system, which are either promoting or demoting the entir gamut of living patterns, all not getting to breed positively.

Talents and intellects under captivity:
• A brain is owned by an individual person. The power of thinking deserves to be his own trait or asset. But he is not free to exercise his own intellect due to dominance of the policy maker. However talented a genius man may be, he will have to employ his skill or technonological knowledge in the schemes or projects endorsed to him. The authority that endorses, foreign or inland, will derive his own interest. The class interest of the ruling class is the sole object to exercise.
• The biasness of imperialists or monopolists in the use of gene technology involving the intercourse human genes with that of other animals under choice to get a species of man to suit the their purpose will ultimately cause damage to particular classes of people. Now this has started with vegetables and animals providing meats. The right check against the vicious disaster of the exploited classes of people will be the transfer of the state power to the working people.
Karl Marx did cautiously give a warning and instructed to take on the dominating role against the big capitalists when he asserted , “ …….. the whole of the production is reshaped and re-organized to conform with the economic rationality as bounded by capitalism, which is expressed in price relationships between inputs and outputs ( wages, non labour costs, profits) rather than the large rational context faced by society over all. That is, the whole process is organized and reshaped in order to conform `consumer logic’…. Capitalism as a mode of production achieves complete domination on a planetary basis.’’
Man to Survive
Genetic Engineering in agriculture is becoming unsustainable approach to food production : industrial agriculture, being dependent on monoculture involves costly chemical inputs.
Cross breeding, genetic engineering, use of medicine in the guise pesticides –all these process have altered the systems in large scales and have made agriculture cost-effective. That means, agriculture is running towards a stage where it will have to depend on the capital from big houses. Farmers are to stay out of agricultural arena. This way man’s survival as species man is turning stiff. Only Darwin will remind us of his great discovery ` survival of the fittest’ Here will come ahead the task of undertaking struggles for existence.
Another danger is knocking at the door of mankind with a great challenge. Scottish reporters have announced the successful cloning of the sheep Dolly in 1997. After the news of this operation being public, a debate has come on about the possibilities of cloning human being, Possible attempts towards the towards the cloning of human being have have created great sensation and anxieties among biologists and conscious sections of people.
Natural growth of man and other animals is under threat. This is one aspect of threatening the human existence. There is another aspect of creating threats to existence, if not resisted in time. What is that threat?
It is the transfer of gene from one body to another. If in man the gene of another animal is transferred, the resultant product will be F1.In F2 there will be further deteriorating in man’s characteristics. Such type of interchange of genes with a capitalist outlook may cause danger to human being and bring great damage.
Thirdly, the monopolists now are proceeding to more and more use of machines and technologists instead of man power. As money is with them and wealth is in their hand they can possess technological means also by engaging the capital they monopolize, it it may not be unlikely that the whole of the civilization may be the play-thing in the ugly rule of capital.
How to revert the Trend
Technology is the product of contradiction of man and nature. This will run and should be led run. The question is, how to revert the trend. Here lies the secret. Man is the architect of his own fortune. Man must not allow monopolists to reign over the earth at the cost of human life. Exploited class must rise. They will have to erect residence. If they can divert the balance of power on their side, gene technology will come in their hand and all will be in the service of mankind. Only then the whole system will be reoriented in the service of human being. Self-centred growth can be stalled. Integrity of human being has to be established for waging a total fight against nature to register man’s sovereignty over the whole universe.
• Another question poses a threat to the survival of life. It is presumed that life might have existed in other planets and had come to an end with the expiry of tenure or lapses of potentiality to survive, owing to the discontinuation of the living conditions. But on the earth the courses of life have attained such a height that the topmost creature man on this planet would be thinking, in advance, to create the conditionality in other suitable planets or moons, so that life, before ruination, may get a safe transfer for existence of more few thousands of years elsewhere, so that life may so that life can survive continually. The brain of human being deserves to keep up to this longibity. Here also the universal idea must surpass th vested interests. Life started can be retained infinitesimally. This is justifies by a ray, having a starting point and no ending point. In the process, may it happen that man will undergo revolutionary changes to reach a far more brilliant stage of intellectual sphere.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it transpires that man has been orienting to take the control of modifying the quality of consumable items rather than depending on the nature only in respect of upgradation of them, The technology is empowering man to create newer items of of species at his choice and comfort by entering their into their life process , though the formation of life has yet remained due. By the transfer of genes or by addition or subtraction of number of genes, the scientists are now marching ahead to advance life to a stage that may once go beyond their control. There is practically no demarcating limit beyond which man’s brain should not move further. Thus the contradiction between known and unknown is pushing man to run ahead to enable discoveries so far the march of the scientists deems it fit. In a situation where exploiters are in the governing status, the growth of science will have to serve the interest of the ruling capitalist class. Gradually machines are taking the place of human being and the tendency of avoidance of human labour is increasing. Science and technology is getting diverted towards that direction. So , a trend is developing to trivialize humans and adopting artificial means of production.
Once agriculture had made a beginning, as a result of contradiction between man and nature, nature was compelled to unfold its mystery before the growth of knowledge and the urge of necessities felt by man. The contradictions of `man versus nature’ and the `known versus unknown’ opened before man avenues to discoveries in series. A discovery did not remain confined in nature for long. It grasped the virtue of artificial designs. This way agriculture started finding its ongoing motion from the paddy field to the technological sphere , from farmers to technologists , from giving birth to offspring to getting modified or getting deshaped. This is nothing but a dialectical process which initiate motion to the opposite direction. That is why a motion appears to undertake a course to be away from corn field to the bacterial sphere giving vent to gene technology.
However, still upto this stage the development in production remains in existence the activities of the process of life. Gene is a bacterial production not dissociated from life process. But in the front, a more mysterious and dangerous process is knocking at the door. It is the course of development of manufacturing rice in the factory, denying ultimately the life process altogether. Though the process is mostly limited to broken rice up to this day, the broken part of rice being re-filled with ingredient material. Its adaptability to the stomach and digestive system is being tested. The next drive will probably be taken to form artificially the consumable rice in complete form altogether. Thus a development is foreseen where farmers’ role is going to be neglected, rather omitted, and farming crisis is likely to be ignored. This development is not merely scientific, but to a great extent it has an inclination to the interest of the big trading class. Hence this anti-people march will benefit the imperialist class. The character of the big bourgeoisie will always aim at targeting the labour and farmer class. The growth of Science being in their hand, in the name of development, will only marginalize the farmers, workers and the toiling masses in a word. The direction of the growth of science has to be re-oriented and made pro-people, which will be determined by the struggle of the working class as and when the situation will warrant.
So the advancement of agriculture from the days back to 23000 years BCE, has witnessed a long journey of growth with some remarkable steps. These steps may be summarized as below:
1. It enumerates the development of farming tools and appliances depending on the degree of unearthing of nature in relation to human race in respect of knowledge and experience. The march in the designs of agricultural tools reminds us of the age `Tillage implements’ when the farmers had to depend only on tools made of wood, owing to non invention of metals. From that stage of development, man has now reached the ea of power-tiller and tractors. The cow-pulling ploughs have mostly withered. Animals are becoming free from farming process.
2. Irrigation once depended only on rainfalls. At the advent of development science and technology newer appliances came up in the method of irrigation from tanks, lakes, rivers etc. The techniques of raising dams were captured by man in virtue of growth of scientific knowledge. The upstream were brought under control. The rivers were made to divert. Causation of rains was to some extent brought to occur at man’s desire. Floods were curbed and lives and crops were saved. All these have been the measures to tackle the menace of natural causes of devastation.
3. Cow dung and excretory materials of animals were near at hand to people to yse as manures and fertilizers. Gradually science came in this field and fertilizers are now manufactured in the factories both organically and mechanically.
4. Pesticide has formed wreath of medicinal escape for plants, herbs and creepers. It ranged from nature’s direct production to chemical preparation. Animal husbandry has had a magnificent growth in respect of livelihood of human resources. It is definitely a part of agriculture.
5. Horticulture being a part and parcel of agriculture has gone a long way in bringing the lakhs of acres of non-agricultural land to the realm of agriculture. It has enriched the knowledge of science in processing and has given a new impetus in transportation. It provided employment to crores all over the world.
6. Gene technology has opened a radical horizon in the orientation of alluring quality of production both in size and shape and in quantity, enriching the area of trades by big capitalists. The technologies have been a nice tactics to pull the ordinary farmers out of farming arena, thus opening and strengthening the new area of class struggle.

6. The development of science in agriculture, giving big hands in progress, is now posing a threat to the farmers, when rice is attempted to be produced in factories. That is, an attempt is raising head to pull agriculture out of farming grounds. It apprehends a serious threat to the inborn profession of the farmers drawn long over more than two millenniums, leaving no alternatives.
7. One remarkable fact is being unfolded in the development of knowledge and experience. It is this fact that labour component of the forces employed in the process of production is continually decreasing in proportion to the increase of the merit component.
8. Does it extend to a situation to think of curbing the growth of science? Not at all. It is making a focus on the pro-people thinking of agriculture inclusive of far richer degrees in the extent of science and technologies in time to come. Uprising of people and curbing of dominance of the big capitals in the state power will determine the right to pro-people way to growth and development.
Let us hope for the best.